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Allgemeine Informationen




Genfamilie: Proteinkodierende Gene


Ort im Genom: Chromosom 11 (Band 11p15.5)


Proteinprodukt: Vorstufe des humanen Wachstumshormons (hGH), ein wichtiges Peptid, das zahlreiche physiologische Prozesse steuert.



Funktion
Das GH1-Gen kodiert für das Prohormon, welches in der Hypophyse zu hGH verarbeitet wird. Das produzierte Hormon wirkt auf Knochen, Muskeln und Fettgewebe, beeinflusst Stoffwechsel, Zellwachstum und Zellreparatur sowie die Regulation von Insulin und Glukose.



Genstruktur




Anzahl der Exons: 7


Länge des Protein-Codes: 191 Aminosäuren (ca. 22 kDa)


Regulatorische Regionen: Enthält Promotoren, Enhancer und Bindungsstellen für Transkriptionsfaktoren wie STAT5B, CREB und GATA2.



Genexpression


Haupttissue: Hypophyse (anterior lobe)


Sekundäre Expression: Leber, Muskelgewebe, Knochen, Fettgewebe und andere Organe, insbesondere in der Entwicklung.


Regulation: Durch negative Rückkopplung von GH-spitzenwerten, durch Insulin-ähnliche Wachstumsfaktoren (IGF-1) sowie durch hormonelle Einflüsse wie Cortisol und Thyroxin.



Klinische Relevanz


Mangelzustände:


- Wachstumshormonmangel bei Kindern → Längenwachstumsstörung, verminderte Muskelmasse.
- GH-Defizienz im Erwachsenenalter → Erhöhtes Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen und metabolische Syndrome.





Überproduktion:


- Acromegalie (bei Erwachsenen) bzw. Gigantismus (bei Kindern) → Überwachungen von Gliedmaßen, Gelenken, Herz, Leber und anderen Organen.



Genetische Mutationen:


- Verlustfunktion (z. B. Deletion oder Punktmutation) führt zu Wachstumsdepression.
- Gain-of-Function-Mutationen können zu Überproduktion führen.



Therapeutische Anwendungen




Recombinant hGH wird zur Behandlung von Wachstumshormonmangel eingesetzt, sowohl bei Kindern als auch Erwachsenen (z. B. bei bestimmten Formen des Untergewichtes oder Muskelschwäche).


Antagonisten und Inhibitoren: Im Rahmen der Behandlung von Acromegalie; Beispiele sind Somatostatin-Analogien (Octreotide), GH-Rezeptorblocker (Pegvisomant) sowie Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren.



Forschungsperspektiven


CRISPR/Cas9-Editierung zur Korrektur von Mutationen im GH1-Gen.


Immuntherapie: Entwicklung von Monoklonalen Antikörpern gegen GH-Rezeptoren, um die Wirkung des Hormons gezielt zu modulieren.


Biomarker-Entwicklung: Nutzung von Genexpressionsprofilen zur Vorhersage von Therapieerfolgen bei Acromegalie.






Literaturhinweise




Bouchard, C., et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(2):e123–e135.


Zhang, Y., et al. Hum Mutat. 2024;45(7):1023-1035.





Das menschliche Wachstumshormon (GH), auch Somatotropin genannt, spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei der Regulation des Körperwachstums und des Stoffwechsels. Es wird in der Hypophyse produziert und wirkt auf verschiedene Gewebe, um Zellteilung, Proteinsynthese und Fettstoffwechsel zu steuern. Im Folgenden werden die genetischen Grundlagen sowie verwandte Gene, deren kartierte Phänotypen und Quellen für die Geninformation detailliert beschrieben.



Gene



Das Hauptgen, das das menschliche Wachstumshormon kodiert, heißt GH1 (Growth Hormone 1). Es liegt auf Chromosom 17q22-24. Die GH1-Genfamilie besteht aus mehreren homologen Kopien, von denen GH1 die einzige aktive Version ist, die ein funktionelles Hormon produziert. Das Gen enthält sieben Exons und wird durch mehrere Promotorregionen reguliert, die Transkriptionsfaktoren wie GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone), somatostatin und andere intrazelluläre Signale ansprechen. Mutationen in diesem Gen können zu GH-Mangelzuständen oder GH-Superproduktion führen.



Genes and mapped phenotypes



Neben dem Hauptgen gibt es mehrere Gene, die mit der Regulation des Wachstumshormons verknüpft sind:





GHR (Growth Hormone Receptor) – Das Rezeptor-Gen liegt auf Chromosom 5q35. Mutationen können zu Laron-Syndrom führen, bei dem trotz normalem oder erhöhtem GH ein Anhaltsschwierigkeit im Wachstum vorliegt.


IGF1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) – Dieses Gen befindet sich auf Chromosom 12p13. Die IGF1-Produktion wird durch GH stimuliert; Mutationen können zu Wachstumsdepressionen oder unregelmäßigem Wachstum führen.


GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) – Lokalisiert auf Chromosom 5q35, beeinflusst die Hypophyse die Freisetzung von GH. Fehlfunktionen resultieren in hypogonadistischen Zuständen und Wachstumsverzögerungen.


SOCS2 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 2) – Auf Chromosom 12q24 liegt dieses Gen; es hemmt den GH-Signalweg. Mutationen können zu unkontrolliertem Wachstum und Tumoren führen.


POU1F1 (Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1) – Dieses Transkriptionsfaktor-Gen befindet sich auf Chromosom 6p21 und reguliert die Expression von GH, TSH und PRL. Mutationen können zu Wachstumsdepressionen, Hypothyreose und Milchproduktionseinschränkungen führen.



Die kartierten Phänotypen dieser Gene umfassen:

GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY – verursacht durch Mutationen im GH1-Gen oder in der Regulierung.
LARON SYNDROM – durch GHR-Mutationen, führt zu einer hohen GH, aber niedrigen IGF1-Konzentration.
SLEEPING DISEASE – bei SOCS2-Defekten entsteht ein unkontrolliertes Wachstum und erhöhtes Krebsrisiko.
CHRYSALIS SYNDROME – POU1F1-Mutationen können Wachstumsdepressionen, Schilddrüsenunterfunktion und Milchproduktionseinschränkungen verursachen.



Gene sources



Die Gene werden hauptsächlich aus öffentlichen Datenbanken und wissenschaftlichen Publikationen extrahiert. Zu den wichtigsten Quellen gehören:



NCBI Gene – Enthält umfassende Informationen zu GH1, GHR, IGF1 und anderen verwandten Genen, inklusive Sequenzdaten, Transkriptionsfaktoren und klinischen Varianten.
OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) – Liefert detaillierte Beschreibungen der genetischen Erkrankungen, die mit dem Wachstumshormon-System verknüpft sind.
ClinVar – Enthält klinische Bewertungen von Mutationen im GH1-Gen sowie verwandten Genen und deren Auswirkungen auf das Wachstum.
Ensembl – Bietet genomische Datenbanken für die genaue Lokalisierung von Genen, exons, intronen und regulatorischen Elementen.




GeneCards – Gibt einen schnellen Überblick über Genfunktion, Proteininteraktionen und klinische Relevanz.



Zusammenfassend liefert die genetische Basis des menschlichen Wachstumshormons ein komplexes Netzwerk aus Genen, Rezeptoren und Signalwegen. Die kartierten Phänotypen verdeutlichen die klinischen Auswirkungen von Mutationen, während die genannten Datenbanken und Literaturquellen die notwendigen Informationen für Forschung und Diagnostik bereitstellen.

Aleisha Borden, 19 years
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In those cases, you'll have the ability to anticipate much larger stress on the liver, presumably causing permanent damage. Liver support supplements might help present some safety to your liver when utilizing Anavar or other steroids. Whereas you’re using the steroid, you won’t have symptoms of low testosterone.
In a 2007 study, fifty one burned kids skilled vital increases in power when taking zero.1 mg/kg per day of oxandrolone, along side exercise (5). The outcomes were notably superior to those who mixed train with a placebo. Usually, we see beginners experiencing as much as a 20% enhance in lifts from an Anavar cycle. Thus, if users are presently benching 200 kilos, they could be lifting 240 after 6 weeks.
So, you’ve heard so much about the benefits of this sure steroid and you’re involved, however you’re additionally smart. You know that understanding how much to take is simply as necessary as knowing what you’re taking. If you’re on the lookout for suggestions of how a lot do you've got to take or factors to assume about for the dosage, you’ve come to the best place.
However, like all steroid, Anavar should be used responsibly and with warning. When taken at low to average doses (typically 5mg to 20mg per day), most girls can use Anavar without experiencing serious unwanted effects. Like any medicine or substance, it comes with potential unwanted aspect effects.
Men, particularly, can expertise lowered testosterone production with prolonged Anavar use. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, together with fatigue, mood modifications, and decreased sexual want. One primary use of anavar results in bodybuilding is throughout a chopping phase. Due to its capability to preserve lean muscle while selling fats loss, it helps bodybuilders to maintain bulk without sacrificing definition. The result's a sharper, well-defined, and spectacular physique – most popular on the competitors stage and desired at the gym. Frequent misconceptions about Anavar include the mistaken beliefs that it is completely secure and free of unwanted aspect effects.
The reality is that Oxandrolone is by no means an different choice to exhausting work, however somewhat a tool to reinforce it. Many women, significantly health fashions, attain stunningly sculpted and defined physiques with simply 5-10 mg every day. The discourse around Oxandrolone, with its potential deserves and pitfalls, means that anyone interested in utilizing this substance should tread with care. However, the equally substantial listing of potential side effects and well being risks necessitates a conscious strategy. Whereas Oxandrolone holds a status of being comparatively protected amongst steroids, this doesn’t mean it can be used carelessly.
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By specializing in rest, a well-balanced food plan, and possibly using specific dietary supplements, you'll find a way to assist your body recuperate sooner and higher. Sticking to those guidelines and contemplating a relaxation period or cycle off Anavar after a sure interval of usage might help keep side effects at bay. Moreover, sustaining a balanced diet and staying hydrated should go hand-in-hand with Anavar utilization to assist general bodily perform. Conclusively, while Anavar is a strong device for advancing bodybuilding objectives, it doesn’t exchange the importance of good training, balanced diet, and listening to your physique. While Oxandrolone, generally often recognized as Anavar, offers many advantages, it’s important to know it’s not with out drawbacks.
Anavar, a mild yet effective anabolic steroid, is widely employed in the fitness and bodybuilding trade to improve physique and performance. Its outcomes, however, can range considerably primarily based on the period of utilization, dosage, and the user’s traits, like gender. In the desk beneath, we evaluate individuals’ progress from 2 to eight weeks of Anavar usage, highlighting the unique transformations observable in each male and female users. The noticeable enhancement in muscle definition and vascularity adds to the athletic and toned appearance. Regardless Of having solely handed a brief period because the start of the cycle, it’s attainable to notice a discount in extra physique fat.

Tasha Maiden, 19 years

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Cathy Acheson Leo Bauer Trudi Fuchs Ann Beltran Jerold Belt Cecila Hugh Harold Allie Paul Metcalfe Miranda Lentz Angeline Colls Javier Bradford Elane Geary Stephan Blount Maxie Tiller Lon Lundberg Melvina Howarth Shannon Glossop Edward Steinfeld Michelle Lancaster Latoya Farris Sandra Roepke Catherine Dorris Dieter Joris Evie Chamberlin Mahalia Gowlland
With Anavar being a type of exogenous testosterone, it'll also improve fat loss, like other anabolic steroids. As a result of the fact that Anavar does not aromatize, all of that weight acquire will be lean, water-free muscle tissue. Testo-Max does just what is needed to boost pure testosterone manufacturing within the body,making it obtainable for each muscle progress, power, and so on. After a check cycle, people may experience a spread of effects depending on how they handle the cycle. If the cycle is managed properly with post-cycle remedy, individuals may experience sustained muscle positive aspects and improved physical efficiency. Earlier Than beginning a testosterone cycle, people may expertise a spread of symptoms associated to low testosterone ranges.
Another thing Anavar does is assist increase the production of purple blood cells, which might increase your endurance. At the identical time, it could assist your physique burn fat extra effectively. All of those actions collectively can lead to adjustments like elevated muscle mass and decreased body fats. But it’s crucial to keep in mind that these effects aren’t simply ‘free positive aspects.’ They come with consequences and potential side effects that are necessary to know.
At this point, you'll have the ability to anticipate to witness essentially the most remarkable changes in your physique, together with visible enhancements in muscle measurement and definition. By the end of the first month, you ought to be at your peak results, with a highly outlined and shredded physique and a major enhance in strength. Wrap that cycle, allow your body a considerable relaxation interval, and mirror on your progress. Over 6-8 weeks for men and weeks for ladies, you'll doubtless observe a big distinction compared to earlier than you began the cycle. It’s important to note that extending cycles past 12 weeks necessitates the addition of a testosterone base and the incorporation of liver help dietary supplements.
These pictures present the dramatic transformation that users have undergone after utilizing Clenbuterol for a sure period of time. By taking it earlier than a workout, you presumably can make sure that the drug is present in your system throughout your training session, permitting you to profit from elevated strength, endurance, and muscle progress. As with any muscle-building process, maintaining a correct food regimen and diet is paramount for achieving desired Anavar results. Consuming a protein-rich food plan provides the important constructing blocks for muscle development. Sufficient hydration and calorie consumption are important to fuel elevated training depth. In the realm of bodybuilding, I am continually on the lookout for methods to optimize my workouts and obtain superior outcomes.
Some individuals may take 50mg of Anavar along with the suitable amount of no matter anabolic steroid they resolve to stack it with for a period of eight weeks. A few of our patients have experienced insomnia or problem sleeping on anabolic steroids, including Anavar. This can persist for the primary few weeks of a cycle, and then sleep patterns typically enhance.
Anavar is designed to extend protein synthesis, which helps to construct muscle mass. It also increases nitrogen retention within the muscles, which helps to prevent muscle wasting. Anavar is commonly utilized by bodybuilders and athletes to boost their performance and improve their physique. Anavar (oxandrolone) is an oral medication and one of many least poisonous anabolic steroids we've seen, alongside testosterone. The above cycle is tailored for intermediate steroid users using moderate dosages. As An Alternative, a novice could need to run a 6–7 week cycle with lower dosages, being 350 mg/week for testosterone and 15 mg/day of Anavar for the primary three weeks, adopted by 20 mg/day for the last three weeks.
Nevertheless, our sufferers usually utilize post-cycle therapy (PCT) to shorten this time, which additionally advantages them psychologically, bettering their well-being. In our experience, endogenous testosterone restoration is not guaranteed if an individual abuses anabolic steroids long-term. Testosterone will suppress endogenous testosterone manufacturing post-cycle, doubtlessly causing hypogonadism. It can take 1–4 months for natural testosterone levels to recuperate, depending on the dose, size of cycle, and how typically the individual administers steroids. Even though Anavar is a very average steroid, it's nonetheless extremely beneficial to have interaction in post-cycle treatment after utilizing any anabolic steroid. Anabolic steroids are used by sure bodybuilders and sportsmen to have the ability to improve muscle mass and improve their athletic performance.
This is Arnold Schwarzenegger’s favourite steroid in the 60s and 70s. After four weeks of Anavar usage, the consequences become more pronounced. Muscular Tissues continue to develop and turn into extra defined, significantly within the shoulders, again, and arms.
Oil-based Winstrol is stronger than the water-based or oral type of the drug. Nonetheless, this isn’t to say it is only used by girls, with a number of male powerlifters and bodybuilders additionally utilizing Anavar to good impact. It can also be in style amongst athletes as a result of its capability to boost train endurance.
But its use in these contexts ought to be beneath correct medical guidance. However, while these pictures depict encouraging transformations, it’s essential not to overlook the truth that each individual’s physique reacts in a unique way to such substances. What works for one individual may not necessarily have the identical impact on another. It’s also important to keep in thoughts that the "after" in these photographs usually entails a combination of consistent food regimen, rigorous train, and self-discipline, alongside Oxandrolone utilization.

Manuel Heredia, 19 years

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