Anabolic Steroids: What They Are, Uses, Side Effects & Risks


A Beginner’s Guide to the Body and Health



Intended for people who want a clear, easy‑to‑understand overview of how our bodies work, why we stay healthy, and what you can do day‑to‑day to keep it that way.



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1. The "Big Picture" – How the Body Works



System Main Parts What It Does


Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood Pumps oxygen & nutrients everywhere; removes waste


Respiratory Lungs, trachea, diaphragm Brings in oxygen, expels carbon dioxide


Digestive Mouth → stomach → intestines → liver/ducts Breaks food into usable molecules


Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves Controls thoughts, actions, sensations; sends signals


Musculoskeletal Bones, muscles, joints Supports body, allows movement


Endocrine Glands (pituitary, thyroid, etc.) Releases hormones to regulate processes


Immune White cells, lymph nodes, antibodies Detects and fights pathogens


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3. Detailed Pathways



3.1 Energy Production: Aerobic Respiration & the Citric Acid Cycle




Glycolysis (Cytosol)


- Glucose → 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH


Pyruvate Oxidation (Mitochondrial Matrix)


- Pyruvate → Acetyl‑CoA + CO₂ + NADH


Citric Acid Cycle (TCA, Kreb’s Cycle)


- Acetyl‑CoA + Oxaloacetate → Citrate → … → Oxaloacetate

- Produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 GTP per acetyl‑coA




Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)


- NADH/FADH₂ → Complex I/III → ATP synthase (ATP ≈ 2.5 mol/mol NADH, 1.5 mol/mol FADH₂)

Key Metabolites & Fluxes





Pyruvate: Branch point to lactate (via LDH) or acetyl‑CoA (via PDH).


Lactate: Exported by MCT1/4; reimported for gluconeogenesis.


Acetyl‑CoA: Feeds TCA cycle, lipid synthesis.


α‑Ketoglutarate, Succinyl‑CoA, Oxaloacetate: Intermediate metabolites in TCA and anaplerotic pathways.







2. How the Liver’s Gluconeogenic Pathway Shapes Glucose Homeostasis




Basal Glycogenolysis (Glucose‑6‑Phosphatase)


- The liver’s glucose‑6‑phosphatase catalyzes dephosphorylation of glucose‑6‑phosphate to free glucose, which can be secreted into the bloodstream.

- This step is absent in skeletal muscle, which stores glycogen but cannot release free glucose.





Gluconeogenesis (Pyruvate → Glucose)


- Key enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose‑1,6‑bisphosphatase, and finally glucose‑6‑phosphatase.

- Substrates include lactate, glycerol, alanine, and other amino acids that are transported from muscle or liver to the liver.





Regulation


- Hormones: glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis; insulin inhibits it.

- Energy status: high AMP activates PEPCK transcription via CREB.






Clinical Relevance


- In diabetes, hepatic glucose production is unchecked → hyperglycemia.

- Pharmacologic inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis (e.g., metformin) reduces fasting glucose.




2.5 Comparative Summary



Feature Liver Kidney


Glycogen storage Yes No


Gluconeogenic capacity High Moderate


Substrate preference Lactate, alanine, glycerol Glucose, lactate, pyruvate


Hormonal regulation Insulin ↑, glucagon ↓ Similar to liver but more glucose‑dependent


Clinical relevance Diabetic hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia management


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3. Pathophysiology of Dysregulation



3.1 Hyperglycemia (Diabetes Mellitus)




Mechanism: Chronic high blood glucose leads to increased substrate availability for gluconeogenesis, particularly in the liver and kidneys.


Consequence: Elevated endogenous glucose production exacerbates hyperglycemia; insulin resistance impairs suppression of gluconeogenic enzymes.




3.2 Hypoglycemia (Insulinoma, Adrenal Insufficiency)




Mechanism: Excessive insulin secretion or cortisol deficiency reduces gluconeogenesis by downregulating PEPCK and G6Pase.


Consequence: Inability to maintain blood glucose during fasting leads to neuroglycopenia.




3.3 Metabolic Disorders (Cystic Fibrosis, Wilson’s Disease)




Mechanism: Disrupted organ function (e.g., liver dysfunction) impairs gluconeogenic capacity.


Consequence: Patients may develop hypoglycemia or require exogenous glucose supplementation.







5. Future Directions




Targeted Modulation of PEPCK and G6Pase


- Development of small‑molecule modulators that can fine‑tune enzyme activity in a tissue‑specific manner, potentially treating disorders like type 2 diabetes or hepatic encephalopathy.



Gene Therapy Approaches


- Viral vectors delivering corrected copies of PEPCK or G6Pase genes to affected tissues (liver, kidney) could ameliorate inherited deficiencies.



Metabolic Flux Imaging


- Advanced imaging techniques (e.g., hyperpolarized ^13C‑MRS) to monitor real‑time flux through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis pathways in vivo, enabling personalized metabolic profiling.



Integration with Circadian Regulation


- Exploring how circadian rhythms modulate PEPCK and G6Pase activity may uncover therapeutic windows for timing drug delivery or dietary interventions.



Cross‑Tissue Coordination Studies


- Investigating the interplay between liver, kidney, and adipose tissue gluconeogenic pathways could reveal novel regulatory nodes amenable to pharmacologic targeting in metabolic disorders.





Final Remarks


The intricate choreography of gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway underscores a sophisticated metabolic network. Central enzymes such as PEPCK, G6Pase, and G6PDH are not isolated actors but participants in a coordinated ballet that balances energy supply, redox homeostasis, nucleotide synthesis, and inter‑organ communication. Understanding this dance at both molecular and systems levels is essential for devising therapeutic strategies against metabolic diseases and for harnessing metabolic flexibility in biotechnological applications. The dynamic nature of these pathways—responsive to hormonal cues, nutrient status, and cellular demands—ensures that cells can adapt to fluctuating internal and external environments while maintaining homeostasis.

Senaida McConnel, 19 years
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Elizbeth Barrios, 19 years
This was because of docs within the ’70s observing decreased complete cholesterol levels in Anavar customers (15). We have had Anavar customers report massive pumps, usually in the decrease again, being uncomfortable or painful. This can usually feel like a locking, cramping sensation inside the muscle that may final for a quantity of minutes or hours. Consequently, the individual could not be in a position to end their workout as a outcome of severe discomfort. A basic rule with steroids is that the extra pronounced the outcomes, the more extreme the unwanted effects are. Beginner bodybuilders looking for to add a modest quantity of muscle regularly use it as a end result of its much less toxic nature. CrazyBulk is our recommended supply for legal steroid options, based mostly on thousands of positive evaluations on verified platforms similar to Trustpilot and Feefo.
Lastly, Oxandrolone can support fats loss, an aspect crucial to bodybuilders, especially these getting ready for competitions. Oxandrolone is thought for promoting lipolysis, the method by which your body burns and uses fat for power. Strength testing was carried out on day 1 of the 6-month and 9-month postburn interval utilizing a Biodex System-3 dynamometer (Shirley, NY).
Once More, that is an unlawful compound that will have fairly a few unwanted facet effects. Equally, utilizing Anavar all 12 months round on a lower dose compared to administering a higher dose in the short time period, the individual is much less likely to notice outcomes. Nevertheless, the next dose in a short six-week cycle shall be extra evident. This is extra widespread with Instagram fashions or individuals regularly showing on journal covers. There is high stress on these individuals to continually look in wonderful situation, so they utilize Anavar as somebody would with testosterone on TRT (testosterone alternative therapy).
It is generally suggested to avoid taking Anavar proper before bedtime. Since it could provide an vitality boost, it may intervene with your ability to go to sleep or disrupt your sleep quality. It is best to take Anavar through the daytime or earlier than your workouts. The timing of Anavar's administration is dependent upon numerous factors, together with your personal schedule and preferences. Nevertheless, considering its quick half-life, splitting the dosage throughout the day might assist maintain constant ranges in your system. Consult along with your healthcare professional or follow the steering supplied by your prescribing doctor.
One generally used trick to effectively reduce the value of Anavar is to take it with 200ml of grapefruit juice as a substitute of water. There is an enzyme in the intestines and liver, known as CYP3A4, which performs a role in breaking down overseas molecules within the physique. Anavar for girls is commonly faked on the black market, with people displaying positive results with out actually having used the product. Thus girls should order a testing equipment before they take anavar, or any related managed substance.
This lady took 10 mg/day of Anavar for five weeks, leading to a 4% reduction in physique fat while gaining 2 kg in weight. After accounting for the fat loss, she is estimated to have gained round 5 kg of lean muscle. To sum it up, the weight loss achieved after a cycle of Anavar is characterised by a lack of excessive fat and an enhancement in lean muscle mass. So don’t get hung up on the size alone, instead, observe the overall transformation, the muscle definition, and your garments fit – these are essentially the most revealing signs of Anavar’s weight-loss results. With perfect dosing, proper workout routines, and a detailed understanding of Anavar’s impression, users can benefit from this powerful steroid while mitigating potential risks.
Now it's broadly thought of that doses in the vary of 5–10 mg produce noticeable results whereas inhibiting virilization. Anavar is a DHT-derived steroid; thus, accelerated hair loss may be skilled in genetically vulnerable individuals. There just isn't a vast quantity of data concerning the connection between anabolic steroid use and kidney injury.
This structural alteration permits it to survive first-pass liver metabolism and be effective when taken orally. Taking a brief cycle with Oxandrolone, better often known as Anavar, can yield various and noticeable impacts on your bodybuilding journey. A basic rule for males stacking Anavar with other steroids is to take a moderate daily dosage within the vary of 20 to 50 mg. For feminine bodybuilders, much smaller doses are normally adequate. As little as 5 mg to 20 mg every day might be helpful while mitigating potential unwanted aspect effects like voice deepening or physique hair growth, which are undesirable for lots of ladies. Bear In Mind, Oxandrolone’s efficiency allows even modest doses to have substantial effects. Emphasizing the effectiveness of Oxandrolone, generally known as Anavar, underscores the significance of its safe and responsible utilization in attaining desired outcomes.
Power and endurance ranges may enhance, and your exercise periods could become more productive. An enhance in lean muscle tissue may begin to floor, particularly as you approach mid-cycle. This development, however, wouldn’t necessarily translate into excessive physique weight gain due to Anavar’s lean mass achieve properties. In abstract, the benefits of Oxandrolone for feminine use are quite a few, starting from facilitating fat loss to rising strength, all whereas maintaining a lower danger of virilization.

Marcos Dunrossil, 19 years
Creatine supplementation would not change fasting insulin ranges in humans[4][5]. A Number Of research have confirmed this finding, exhibiting no vital changes in fasting insulin even with long-term creatine use[5]. Some research suggests creatine would possibly barely raise fasting blood sugar, although not significantly[4]. Other research point out creatine could actually assist the physique course of sugar more effectively[9]. When taking creatine, it is best to avoid dehydration by rising your water intake, as creatine can improve water retention in muscle tissue. Additionally, avoid taking it with caffeine or acidic drinks, as they'll intrude with its absorption.
Puffy Received Buffy is a vibrant on-line group dedicated to health lovers, offering complete workout plans, dietary recommendation, and motivational assist. No, but it’s crucial to drink enough water since creatine will increase intracellular water retention. Proper hydration is crucial to keep away from cramping or dehydration signs throughout fasting. Sure, creatine is one of the most researched supplements and is taken into account safe for long-term use when taken at recommended doses. You may even see higher efficiency and really feel higher whereas within the fitness center whereas supplementing creatine in a fasted state.
Nonetheless, some people might expertise mild abdomen discomfort when taking creatine on an empty abdomen, so it's best to experiment and see what works for you. ● Professor Hultman, on the other hand, says we should always cease the loading phase and simply maintain taking three to five grams a day. If you expertise any regarding unwanted facet effects, cease taking creatine immediately and talk along with your physician.
This course of not solely aids in sustaining muscle mass but in addition supports muscle hypertrophy as you continue to interact in resistance training. Additionally, creatine promotes water retention in muscle cells, which can additional stimulate muscle development by way of cell volumization and signaling pathways that promote muscle regeneration and progress. One of the most pronounced benefits of creatine while fasting is its capability to hurry up recovery instances. Fasting can stress the physique, notably after intense exercise periods when nutrient availability is low, and the body’s recovery processes are in high demand. Creatine performs a vital position here by replenishing ATP shops extra efficiently, which is vital for regeneration and building muscle tissues. A proper dosage and utilization of creatine dietary supplements can have long-term health advantages for these observing Ramadan. Throughout this time, it is important to adjust the timing and frequency of how a lot creatine is taken in addition to how usually.
Creatine swoops in to assist rebuild that ATP virtually instantly, providing you with the facility to squeeze out another rep or maintain your sprint somewhat longer. Now that we have laid out the different reasons you may be fasting, let's get into what happens whenever you throw creatine into the mix. To determine if it truly "breaks" your fast, we now have to look at how your physique handles it—from metabolism to its impact on core fasting processes. By understanding your major goal, you can make an informed selection that supports each your efficiency and your fasting protocol with out having to guess.
So, don’t let the parable of weight acquire cease you from experiencing the benefits of creatine. Nevertheless, there are chances that you’ll find a little spike in insulin because of the digestion and absorption of creatine. The best thing about creatine monohydrate is that it dissolves simply and is on the market in powdered type. Right Here is a step-by-step guide on the means to take creatine whereas fasting. By thinking exterior of the field and coming up with inventive exercise ideas, Muslims can nonetheless get pleasure from exercising and staying fit during Ramadan. With the best routine and dedication, they'll remain lively and healthy without feeling guilty or sacrificing time with family and friends. The meals you eat throughout Ramadan should be eaten slowly and taken mindfully.
Get answers to the most incessantly requested questions about sweet potatoes, including how they compare to white potatoes in calories, carbs, and nutrients for well being.... Potential risks embrace dehydration, dangerously low blood sugar, gastrointestinal points, and medicine interactions. Those with diabetes or on medicine ought to be particularly cautious. Sure, doing a creatine loading protocol for 5-7 days prior can maximize muscle stores. This conservative restarting approach permits the digestive system to recuperate and reduces potential unwanted effects when adding creatine again in. However, creatine appears much less efficient for enhancing endurance train capacity. Fasting can have minimal unwanted effects, and dietary supplements allow you to handle them.
This is particularly essential during fasting when vitality sources are restricted. When fasting leads to muscle breakdown, creatine helps keep muscle operate. This means when you start to use creatine you are really helpful to take 20g of creatine every day, divided into 5g parts for about 5-7 days. Taking it with a high-carb meal is finest to help your body take up it better.
For those trying to achieve weight reduction targets, creatine might help you lose fat whereas retaining or even growing lean muscle mass. This results in a toned and outlined physique somewhat than a "skinny-fat" appearance. When you start taking creatine, your vitality ranges improve, making it simpler to perform resistance coaching or weight training periods that lead to muscle development. Whether you’re aiming for muscle growth, enhancing physique composition, or attaining your weight loss goals, this information will equip you with every thing you need to know.
Creatine is completely protected to devour on an empty stomach; it doesn’t break a fast. Whether you consume it alongside a meal or not, so lengthy as you're taking creatine persistently, the outcome would be the identical as a end result of your muscle tissue will reach saturation one way or one other. Lastly, it's advisable to take creatine alongside a healthy meal wealthy in proteins and carbohydrates, as this improves absorption. So, when you don’t have any particular causes to take creatine before working out, it’s okay to supplement alongside your post-workout meal. If your creatine is a multi-ingredient supplement, it is extremely probably that it will break your quick and spike your glucose levels. To stay secure, we advocate purchasing creatine from a reputable model or producer.

Columbus Paramor, 19 years
One of probably the most essential elements that is easily missed when taking a look at before and after pictures such as these above is the energy gains that Anavar brings with it. Anavar is favoured steroids among the feminine customers who are hoping to get rid of some extra fats. A descriptive research of opposed occasions from clenbuterol misuse and abuse for weight reduction and bodybuilding. If a consumer has no choice and equally wants to build muscle and burn fat on the same time, upkeep calories could additionally be optimum. Calorie consumption ought to be tailor-made to a user’s aims when biking Anavar.
Buckle up, folks, as we uncover the reality behind the exceptional outcomes of Anavar, leaving no stone unturned. Some folks discuss with winstrol as a ‘poor-man’s anavar’, because it’s a less expensive steroid. Thus, if somebody doesn’t have some large cash, and isn’t notably health acutely aware; they might opt for winstrol over anavar. Winstrol will trigger a spike blood pressure, decrease testosterone manufacturing, cause stress to the liver, and put extra pressure on the joints. Whereas Anavar could trigger a lower in testosterone production alone. Winstrol can be extra vulnerable to causing androgenic side effects, similar to oily skin and zits breakouts.
For men, the typical cycle spans 6-8 weeks, whereas girls usually restrict it to 4-6 weeks. Prolonging the cycle past these pointers may heighten the danger of unwanted effects, underscoring the significance of responsible and knowledgeable use. Even probably the most stubborn areas, typically immune to exercise and diet, might show signs of reduction, pointing in the path of a leaner and more chiselled physique. The distinct vascularity, a signature of lower body fats and firmer muscular tissues, is one other obvious change that provides the desired ‘ripped’ look to one’s appearance. Despite their subtlety, the true effects of these transformations culminate to make Anavar’s contribution to bodybuilding quite important.
This individual went from 159lb to 172lb in three weeks of taking 20mg of Dianabol. This is a reasonably impressive transformation, however knowing how Dianabol guarantees speedy features and unparalleled strength – this isn’t stunning either! This dry addition of lean muscle mass reveals that you could, indeed, use Dianabol as a method to lean bulk.
Factors that affect these results are the individual’s cycle, dose, genetics, diet, and coaching routines. Some users have reported features of as much as 10-15lbs of muscle mass and 7lbs of fats loss within a 5- to 6-week cycle. Nevertheless, it is essential to remember that individual outcomes could differ. Nevertheless, it is important to notice that the use of Anavar and different anabolic steroids carries potential dangers and unwanted effects. Accountable use, under the guidance of a medical professional, is crucial for guaranteeing the user’s safety and long-term health. For those new to Anavar, it’s essential to understand the basics of an Anavar cycle. Anavar (Oxandrolone) is a mild anabolic steroid typically used for chopping functions.
In the realm of performance-enhancing substances, anavar uk stands out as a popular choice amongst athletes and fitness lovers. It reveals potent anabolic properties with minimal androgenic effects, making it a desirable possibility for many. Anavar capabilities by binding to androgen receptors in the physique, stimulating protein synthesis and enhancing nitrogen retention throughout the muscular tissues. This results in elevated muscle progress, improved power, and enhanced athletic efficiency. In conclusion, ‌Anavar steroid presents a range of unique advantages‍ over different steroids. ​In conclusion, the visual ⁤evidence of Anavar steroid ​before and ⁤after outcomes is truly remarkable.
In addition to a rise in power and stamina, you would possibly notice enhanced muscle tone and a extra refined physique construction. Although not as dramatic as longer cycles, the seen enhancements could presumably be satisfying, depending on your individual objectives as well as your diligence in coaching and nutrition. Approaching the midpoint of the cycle, the continued Anavar consumption might further bolster your vitality ranges and physical endurance. Tasking exercise sessions might seem extra accessible, permitting you to push yourself harder in direction of achieving your athletic goals.
Combining Anavar with different compounds can further amplify its advantages, however caution should be exercised. Anavar is likely considered one of the hottest anabolic steroids used by girls for its comparatively delicate effects compared to different steroids. Originally developed for medical functions like treating muscle losing, it became a favorite in health circles for its capability to assist customers achieve lean muscle mass whereas shedding body fat.

Judith Bingle, 19 years

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From Mr Average To Superman Health & Wellbeing

From Mr Average … to Superman



The journey from an ordinary "Mr Average" lifestyle to the pinnacle of physical and mental well‑being is not a sudden leap but a series of deliberate steps. It begins with self‑awareness: recognizing that current habits—whether they involve irregular sleep, poor nutrition, or minimal movement—are merely placeholders rather than endpoints. The first actionable shift is establishing consistent routines: setting fixed wake‑up times, planning balanced meals rich in whole foods, and scheduling regular exercise sessions.



A key pillar of this transformation is nutrition. Transitioning from processed, calorie‑dense foods to nutrient‑dense choices such as vegetables, lean proteins, healthy fats, and complex carbohydrates fuels the body’s repair mechanisms and supports sustained energy levels. Pairing these dietary changes with mindful eating practices—slowly chewing, paying attention to satiety cues, and avoiding distractions—helps prevent overeating.



Physical activity evolves from sporadic workouts into integrated movement habits. This could involve a mix of strength training, cardiovascular sessions, and flexibility work, tailored to individual goals and capacities. Consistency is achieved by setting realistic targets, tracking progress, and incorporating variety to maintain motivation.



Sleep hygiene emerges as another pillar: establishing regular sleep schedules, creating restful environments, and minimizing stimulants before bedtime enhances recovery and cognitive function.



Mental resilience is cultivated through stress management techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, or journaling. Engaging in hobbies, fostering social connections, and practicing gratitude can offset the mental demands of a busy schedule.



Collectively, these practices foster a holistic health trajectory: balanced nutrition fuels daily tasks; structured movement prevents deconditioning; adequate rest supports cognitive sharpness; emotional regulation reduces burnout risk; and continuous self-reflection ensures alignment with personal values. Over time, this integrated approach builds resilience against chronic disease, enhances productivity, and nurtures overall well-being.



Answer 2



> The best way to get a clear picture of what’s going on inside the system is by looking at the data that comes out from it – the "outputs". In a control‑system context you’ll often see that an engineer will collect measurements from sensors, feed them into a computer, and then use the resulting time series to figure out what the underlying plant (the thing being controlled) looks like.

>
> One very common approach is called system identification: you design a set of experiments (e.g., step or pulse inputs), record how the output responds, and then fit a mathematical model – for example an ARX, state‑space, or transfer‑function representation – that reproduces that response as closely as possible. Once you have that model you can infer internal parameters such as natural frequencies, damping ratios, time constants, or even hidden states.



We need to find overlaps between these two texts (the assistant answer and the reference answer). We should identify phrases that appear in both texts exactly or nearly exactly, including maybe synonyms but likely identical wording.



Let's examine each paragraph of the assistant answer for potential overlap with the reference answer.





"If you model the system as a block diagram then the only thing that is really changing when you add an integrator is the transfer function that sits between the summing junction and the plant."



Does any phrase from reference appear? The reference says "When you talk about 'the' or 'a' ...". Not relevant. "If you keep the rest of the loop unchanged then the overall open‑loop transfer function just gets an extra factor \(s^-1\)." Nothing in common.



"With a unity‑feedback structure the closed‑loop characteristic equation is"



Not overlapping.



"So, from a purely mathematical point of view, adding one pole at the origin moves each zero of the denominator one step to the right on the real axis and introduces a new integrator in the loop."



No overlap.



"In practice you rarely want an uncompensated integrator sitting next to another integrator that is already in your plant model." No overlap.



"If you have a plant \(G(s)\) with an integrator, i.e. a pole at the origin, and you simply tack on a PI controller"



No overlap.



"This is the classic 'two‑pole integrator' situation that causes the step response to be sluggish and the phase margin to collapse." No overlap.



"To get back good performance you usually add a zero close to the plant pole, e.g. in a PI controller or a lead compensator."



No overlap.



"The zero cancels one integrator (in the sense of improving the low‑frequency slope) and gives you positive phase boost at the crossover frequency." No overlap.



"Another approach is to keep the integral action but to tame it with a lag network that limits the high‑frequency gain, so you still get 0 dB at low frequencies but the phase margin recovers."



No overlap.



"In short, yes, you can have a Bode magnitude plot that goes from −20 dB/dec to 0 dB and remains flat after that. You do it by adding a pole (or a pair of poles) in the appropriate location so that the slope change happens at the desired frequency." No overlap.



Thus indeed no overlapping phrase. So we assign probability maybe 0.05 for match, 0.95 for no-match.

But we must produce "match": either null if no matching phrase or some phrase string. If we think it's very unlikely there is a match, we set "match" to null.



Ok. Let's output:




"match": null,
"probabilities": {"Y": 0.05, "N": 0.95}




But also check if the reference answer might have phrase 'you can write' or 'you can write a small helper function'. The reference answer doesn't include that.



Thus final.
"match": null,
"probabilities": {"Y": 0.05, "N": 0.95}

James Koss, 19 years

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